Developmental Biology

Developmental Biology   Agrin in Postsynaptic Differentiation The heparan sulphate proteoglycan agrin is well known as the key assembly factor of postsynaptic differentiation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), but recent data suggest it also plays a direct role in the organization of the cytoskeleton in the s ... ALK in cardiac myocytes Heart formation is cued by a combination of positive and negative signals from surrounding tissues. Inhibitory signals that block heart formation in anterior paraxial mesoderm include Wnt family members expressed in dorsal neural tube and anti-BMPs ... Bone Remodelling Bone density and structure is maintained through a balance of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone deposition by osteoblasts. The combination of simultaneous resorption and deposition creates continual remodeling of bone while excess osteoclast a ... BRCA1-dependent Ub-ligase activity BRCA1 is a breast and ovarian cancer tumor suppressor protein that associates with BARD1 to form a RING/RING heterodimer. The BRCA1/BARD1 RING complex functions as an ubiquitin (Ub) ligase with activity substantially greater than individual BRCA1 or ... Circadian Rhythms Organisms from flies to humans have daily circadian rhythms entrained with the 24-hour cycle of day and night that regulate many physiological systems. In mammals, there appears to be a master regulator of circadian rhythms in the hypothalamus, as we ... Control of skeletal myogenesis by HDAC & calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK) The differentiation of muscle cells is transcriptionally regulated, in part by the myocyte enhancer factor-2, MEF2. During myogenesis MEF2 binds to MyoD and other basic helix-loop-helix factors to activate transcription of genes involved in muscle ce ... CTCF: First Multivalent Nuclear Factor CTCF is central to signaling pathways in immature B cells elicited by cross-linking the Ig BCR and stimulation with TGFß. Both stimuli result in induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. BCR ligation stimulates a transient induction of MYC that l ... Effects of calcineurin in Keratinocyte Differentiation The differentiation of keratinocytes constantly replenishes the upper layers of human skin we lose each day. One factor that contributes to terminal keratinocyte differentiation is increased levels of intracellular calcium. Adding calcium to the me ... Function of SLRP in Bone: An Integrated View SLRPs (Small leucine-rich proteoglycans) are extracellular molecules that bind to TGF-betas, collagens and other matrix molecules. In vitro, SLRPs were shown to regulate collagen fibrillogenesis, a process essential in development, tissue repair, and ... g-Secretase mediated ErbB4 Signaling Pathway The HER4/erbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase is a member of the EGF1 receptor family. HER4 is a receptor for the neuregulins (NRGs), a family of growth and differentiation factors. HER4 can also bind and be activated by heparin-binding EGF growth factor, ... Hop Pathway in Cardiac Development Homeodomain transcription factors comprise a large family of DNA binding factors that regulate transcription and development. Many homeodomain genes arranged in genomic clusters determine anterior-posterior patterning, while others determine the fat ... How Progesterone Initiates the Oocyte Maturation Progesterone (Pg) binds to both intracellular iPR and plasma membrane– bound mPR. (Right Top) After binding to Pg, iPR is recruited to the membrane associated protein tyrosine kinase p60c- src, which induces activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. ... Keratinocyte Differentiation The epidermis, which provides a protective barrier that undergoes a constant renewal, is a multi-layered tissue with the proliferating cells located in the basal layer. As cells leave the basal layer the underog significant differentiation, biochemi ... Lissencephaly gene (LIS1) in neuronal migration and development Integration of pathways that regulate nucleokinesis during neuronal migration and a model of LIS1 mediating CLIP-170 interactions with the dynein/dynactin pathway. LIS1 can bind to MT bundles; however, phospho-LIS1 binding to MT bundles is mediated t ... Melanocyte Development and Pigmentation Pathway Studies with homozygous knockout mice have suggested that stem cell factor (SCF or KITLG), c-Kit, microphthalmia (Mitf), and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) genes regulates melanocytic development. The SCF activation of Kit receptor leads to Mitf phosp ... METS affect on Macrophage Differentiation Terminal differentiation of cells is often accompanied by repression of cellular proliferation, suggesting that there is a mechanism by which these cellular functions are coordinated. Macrophage differentiation is one model system in which this occu ... Proteolysis and Signaling Pathway of Notch Notch is a large cell-surface receptor that is activated by contact with membrane-bound ligands on neighboring cells. The ligands that activate Notch include Delta and Serrate, and Lag-2 is a Notch ligand in c. elegans. Activation of Notch by bindi ... Regulation of Spermatogenesis by CREM The transcriptional regulator CREM plays a key role in spermatogenesis, acting as a central transcription factor triggering a cascade of transcriptional activation of post-meiotic genes involved in this process such as calspermin and testis angiotens ... Regulators of Bone Mineralization Osteoblasts mineralize bone matrix by promoting hydroxyapatite crystal formation and growth in the interior of membrane-limited matrix vesicles (MVs) and by propagating the crystals onto the collagenous extracellular matrix. Two osteoblast proteins, ... Segmentation Clock In most animal species, the anteroposterior body axis is generated by the formation of repeated structures called segments. In vertebrate segmentation, a specialized mesodermal structure called the somite gives rise to sceletal muscles, vertebrae, an ... Signal Dependent Regulation of Myogenesis by Corepressor MITR The differentiation of muscle cells is regulated by many factors, including the MyoD/MEF2 family of transcription factors. The MyoD/MEF2 dimer binds to promoters to activate genes involved in muscle cell differentiation. One of the factors that reg ... Small Leucine-rich Proteoglycan (SLRP) molecules The small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are a family of proteins that are present in extracellular matrix and that share in common multiple repeats of a leucine-rich structural motif, flanked by cysteine residues. These proteins appear to intera ... Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) Pathway Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is one of a family of three secreted proteins, including Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) and Desert Hedgehog (Dhh), that play distinct and crucial roles in development. The morphogenic signal Shh provides in the developing CNS induces pro ... Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) Receptor Ptc1 Regulates cell cycle Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein identified genetically as an important developmental factor. Shh provides a morphogenic signal in the developing CNS, organizing the spatial patterning of cells in the midbrain and inducing proliferation of ... The IGF-1 Receptor and Longevity A demonstrated means to increase lifespan in a wide range of organisms is through the restriction of caloric intake. Reducing the consumption of calories increases the lifespan of many different organisms, including mice. Although caloric restricti ... The PRC2 Complex Sets Long –term Gene Silencing Through Modification of Histone Tails Packaging of DNA into chromatin allows the cell to store its genetic information efficiently and has an important role in regulating gene expression. Recent studies have revealed that chromatin structure can be altered by covalent modification of nuc ... Vitamin C in the Brain Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) was first identified by virtue of the essential role it plays in collagen modification, preventing the nutritional deficiency scurvy. Vitamin C acts as a cofactor for hydroxylase enzymes that post-translationally modify col ... WNT Signaling Pathway Wnt family members are secreted glycoproteins who bind to cell surface receptors such as Frizzled. Wnt members can play a role in the expression of many genes by interacting with multiple disparate signaling pathways. Shown is the Wnt/beta-catenin pa ... Wnt/LRP6 Signalling Wnt glycoproteins play a role in diverse processes during embryonic patterning in metazoa through interaction with frizzled-type seven-transmembrane-domain receptors (Frz) to stabilize b-catenin. LDL-receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), a Wnt co-recept ...

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